Jal Jeevan Mission(JJM)-Har Ghar Jal

 

Ø  Since August 2019, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti in partnership with States is implementing Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)-Har Ghar Jal to make provision of potable water to every rural household of the country by 2024, through tap water connection.

Ø Vision: Every rural household has drinking water supply in adequate quantity and quality on regular and long-term basis at affordable service delivery charges.

Ø  Mission: Jal Jeevan Mission is to assist, empower and facilitate States/ UTs :

·   In planning of participatory rural water supply strategy for ensuring potable drinking water security on long-term basis to every rural household and public institution, viz. GP building, School, Anganwadi, Health & wellness centres, etc.

·   For creation of water supply infrastructure so that every rural household has Functional Tap Connection (FHTC) by 2024 and water in adequate quantity of prescribed quality is made available on regular basis.

·       to plan for their drinking water security

·  to develop robust institutions having focus on service delivery and financial sustainability of the sector by promoting utility approach

·      GPs/ rural communities to plan, implement, manage, own, operate and maintain their own in-village water supply systems

·    Capacity building of the stakeholders and create awareness in community on significance of water for improvement in quality of life

·       In making provision and mobilization of financial assistance to States/ UTs for implementation of the mission.

Objectives: The broad objectives of the Mission are:

·      To provide Functional Tap Connection (FHTC)  to every rural household.

·     To prioritize provision of FHTCs in quality affected areas, villages in drought prone and desert areas, Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) villages, etc.

·    To provide functional tap connection to Schools, Anganwadi centres, GP buildings, Health centres, wellness centres and community buildings

·       To monitor functionality of tap connections.

·  To promote and ensure voluntary ownership among local community by way of contribution in cash, kind and/ or labour and voluntary labour (shramdaan)

·    To assist in ensuring sustainability of water supply system, i.e. water source, water supply infrastructure, and funds for regular O&M

·   To empower and develop human resource in the sector such that the demands of construction, plumbing, electrical, water quality management, water treatment, catchment protection, O&M, etc. are taken care of in short and long term

·    To bring awareness on various aspects and significance of safe drinking water and involvement of stakeholders in manner that make water everyone's business

Components under JJM : The following components are supported under JJM

·   Development of in-village piped water supply infrastructure to provide tap water connection to every rural household;

·   Development of reliable drinking water sources and/ or augmentation of existing sources to provide long-term sustainability of water supply system

·      Wherever necessary, bulk water transfer, treatment plants and distribution network to cater to every rural household

·       Technological interventions for removal of contaminants

·       Retrofitting of completed and ongoing schemes to provide FHTCs at minimum service level of 55 lpcd;

·       Greywater management

·   Support activities, i.e. IEC, HRD, training, development of utilities, water quality laboratories, water quality testing & surveillance, R&D, knowledge centre, capacity building of communities, etc.

Ecological Succession

 

·     Ecological Succession

Ø  The gradual change in species composition and processes of communities over time is known as ecological succession or community development.

Ø  From the stand point of time, ecosystem and community changes can be divided into two types: 

i. Changes occurring over geological time scale (million years), and

ii. Those occurring over medium time scale, say in 1-1000 years.

Ø  The causes of succession are as follows:

                  i.    Initial/Initiating causes: These are climatic as well as biotic. The factors include erosion and deposition, wind, fire, activities of organisms, etc. These causes produce the bare areas or destroy the existing population in the area.

            ii.    Ecesis/Continuing causes: These are the processes such as migration, ecesis, aggregation, competition, reaction, etc., which cause successive waves of populations as a result of changes, chiefly in the edaphic features of the area.

               iii.    Stabilizing causes: These cause the stabilization of the community. According to Clements, climate of the area is the chief cause of stabilization, other factors are of secondary value.

 

DIFFERENT KINDS OF SUCCESSIONS

Ø   Primary succession: If succession proceeds from a primary bare area or primitive substratum which has not been changed physically by organisms, it is called primary succession. The first group of plants establishing there are known as pioneers.

Ø  Secondary succession: If succession starts in a secondary area previously colonized, but has been cleared off, it is called secondary succession. Thes series of developmental stages are called subseres. In subseres, the substratum contains already formed soil, humus and may contain seeds.

Ø  Autotrophic succession: Succession characterized by early and continued dominance of autotrophic organisms like green plants.

Ø  Heterotrophic succession: Succession characterized by an early dominance of heterotrophs, i.e., fungi, bacteria and animals. It begins in a predominantly organic environment, and there is a progressive decline in the energy content.

Ø  Induced succession: The climax community has low productivity as compared to initial communities. In a climax community respiration almost balances the production of organic matter. Therefore, very little is left for man to harvest.

Ø  Allogenic succession: Allogenic succession is due to major environmental changes beyond the control of the indigenous organisms. Dust bowls, winds, dry periods change the pattern of vegetation.

Ø  Autogenic succession: Succession resulting from the resident population altering its own environment. For example, plants of a developmental state produce changes in the habitat initially to favor their growth but the changes go on beyond the optimum so that the habitat becomes unsuitable for them.

Ø  Retrogressive succession: At times a climax vegetation may deteriorate and get replaced by a community of an earlier stage of succession due to destructive effects of organisms. Sometimes the development of the disturbed communities does not occur and the process of successive instead of progressive becomes retrogressive, e.g., forest may change to shrubby or grassland.

Ø  Deflected succession: A succession in which the vegetation does not pass through the normal stages of development but either adds or replaces a successional type.

Ø  Serule (Microsere): It refers to the miniature succession of microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, etc., that occurs within a microhabitat like fallen logs of decaying wood, tree, bark, etc. Serule is heterotrophic in nature and begins on substratum rich in organic matter.

 

GENERAL PROCESS OF SUCCESSION

 1)    Nudation: Development of a bare area without any form of life. The area may develop due to several causes such as landslide, erosion, deposition or other catastrophic agency.

2)    Invasion: Successful establishment of a species in a bare area. The species actually reaches this new site from any other area. It involves following successive stages 

(i) Migration (dispersal): The seeds, spores, or other propagules of the species reach the bare area. The agencies which bring about dispersal are wind, water, animal including man.  

(ii) Ecesis (establishment): After reaching the area, the process of successful establishment of the species, as a result of adjustment with the conditions prevailing there, is known as ecesis. This process is dependent upon the climatic, edaphic and biotic factors. The success of plant depends upon the climatic, edaphic and biotic factors. In plants, after migration, seeds or propagules germinate, seedlings grow, and adults start to reproduce. Only a few of them are capable of doing this under primitive harsh conditions and thus most of them disappear. As a result of ecesis, the individuals of species become established in the area. 

(iii) Aggregation:      As a result of reproduction, the individuals of the species increase in number, and they come close to each other.                                       

 3) Competition and Coaction: This phenomenon involve struggle for existence between two or more individuals growing in an area, that makes successive demands, that are similar in nature, on the soil.

 4) Reaction: This is the most important stage in succession. The mechanism of the modification of the environment through the influence of living organisms on it, is known as reaction. As a result of reactions, changes take place in soil, water, light conditions, temperature, etc., of the environment. For example, plants change the structure and texture of soil in course of time by addition of humus into the soil. Due to all these, environment is modified, becoming unsuitable for the existing community which sooner or later is replaced by another community.

 5) Climax community: The reactions of individuals collectively have a wider effect on the environment. The local climate is actually changed if the climax vegetation is forest. The reactions keep the vegetation in active state till the climax community is formed. Although strictly speaking vegetation can never be called as stable. Yet at maturity the community being mesic, further mesic changes being less possible the climax community can be called as relatively stable. Thus, we find the development of community living in harmony within the environment which has been the result of its reactions.